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In earlier editions of this book, legal issues to do with security filled a good deal of space. Happily, things are now a great deal simpler. The U.S. Government has dropped its unenforceable objections to strong cryptography. The French Government, which had outlawed cryptography of any sort in France, has now adopted a more practical stance and tolerates it. Most other countries in the world seem to have no strong opinions except for the British Government, which has introduced a law making it an offence not to decrypt a message when ordered to by a Judge and making ISPs responsible for providing "back-door" access to their client's communications. Dire results are predicted from this Act, but at the time of writing nothing of interest had happened.
One difficulty with trying to criminalize the use of encrypted files is that they cannot be positively identified. An encrypted message may be hidden in an obvious nonsense file, but it may also be hidden in unimportant bits in a picture or a piece of music or something like that. (This is called steganography.) Conversely, a nonsense file may be an encrypted message, but it may also be a corrupt ordinary file or a proprietary data file whose format is not published. There seems to be no reliable way of distinguishing between the possibilities except by producing a decode. And the only person who can do that is the "criminal," who is not likely to put himself in jeopardy.
On the patent front things have also improved. The RSA patent — which, because it concerned software, was only valid in the U.S. — divided the world into two incompatible blocks. However, it expired in the year 2000, and so removed another legal hurdle to the easy exchange of cryptographic methods.
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| 11.4. Firewalls |  | 11.6. Secure Sockets Layer |
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