Authentication Protocol
Authentication Directives
Passwords Under Unix
Passwords Under Win32
Passwords over the Web
From the Client's Point of View
CGI Scripts
Variations on a Theme
Order, Allow, and Deny
DBM Files on Unix
Digest Authentication
Anonymous Access
Experiments
Automatic User Information
Using .htaccess Files
Overrides
The volume of business Butterthlies, Inc. is doing is stupendous, and naturally our competitors are anxious to look at sensitive information such as the discounts we give our salespeople. We have to seal our site off from their vulgar gaze by authenticating those who log on to it.
Authentication is simple in principle. The client sends his name and password to Apache. Apache looks up its file of names and encrypted passwords to see whether the client is entitled to access. The webmaster can store a number of clients in a list — either as a simple text file or as a database — and thereby control access person by person.
It is also possible to group a number of people into named groups and to give or deny access to these groups as a whole. So, throughout this chapter, bill and ben are in the group directors, and daphne and sonia are in the group cleaners. The webmaster can require user so and so or require group such and such, or even simply require that visitors be registered users. If you have to deal with large numbers of people, it is obviously easier to group them in this way. To make the demonstration simpler, the password is always theft. Naturally, you would not use so short and obvious a password in real life, or one so open to a dictionary attack.
Each username/password pair is valid for a particular realm, which is named when the passwords are created. The browser asks for a URL; the server sends back "Authentication Required" (code 401) and the realm. If the browser already has a username/password for that realm, it sends the request again with the username/password. If not, it prompts the user, usually including the realm's name in the prompt, and sends that.
Of course, all this is worryingly insecure since the password is sent unencrypted over the Web (base64 encoding is easily reversed), and any malign observer simply has to watch the traffic to get the password — which is as good in his hands as in the legitimate client's. Digest authentication improves on this by using a challenge/handshake protocol to avoid revealing the actual password. In the two earlier editions of this book, we had to report that no browsers actually supported this technique; now things are a bit better. Using SSL (see Chapter 11) also improves this.
Examples are found in site.authent. The first Config file, .../conf/httpd1.conf, looks like this:
User webuser Group webgroup ServerName www.butterthlies.com NameVirtualHost 192.168.123.2 <VirtualHost www.butterthlies.com> ServerAdmin sales@butterthlies.com DocumentRoot /usr/www/APACHE3/site.authent/htdocs/customers ServerName www.butterthlies.com ErrorLog /usr/www/APACHE3/site.authent/logs/error_log TransferLog /usr/www/APACHE3/site.authent/logs/customers/access_log ScriptAlias /cgi-bin /usr/www/APACHE3/cgi-bin </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost sales.butterthlies.com> ServerAdmin sales_mgr@butterthlies.com DocumentRoot /usr/www/APACHE3/site.authent/htdocs/salesmen ServerName sales.butterthlies.com ErrorLog /usr/www/APACHE3/site.authent/logs/error_log TransferLog /usr/www/APACHE3/site.authent/logs/salesmen/access_log ScriptAlias /cgi-bin /usr/www/APACHE3/cgi-bin <Directory /usr/www/APACHE3/site.authent/htdocs/salesmen> AuthType Basic AuthName darkness AuthUserFile /usr/www/APACHE3/ok_users/sales AuthGroupFile /usr/www/APACHE3/ok_users/groups require valid-user </Directory> </VirtualHost>
What's going on here? The key directive is AuthType Basic in the <Directory ...salesmen> block. This turns Authentication checking on.
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